![]() Bending was the most common deformation observed, although the proximal third of the arms performed relatively less bending and more shortening and elongation as compared with other arm regions. Arms function primarily to bring the sucker-lined oral surface in contact with target surfaces. Results showed that all eight arms were capable of all four types of deformation along their lengths and in all directions. More than 16,500 arm deformations were observed in 120 min of video. Diverse movements in these hydrostatic arms are produced by some combination of four basic deformations: bending (orally, aborally inward, outward), torsion (clockwise, counter-clockwise), elongation, and shortening. ![]() We investigated the diversity of arm deformations in Octopus bimaculoides with a frame-by-frame observational analysis of laboratory video footage in which animals were challenged with different tasks. The octopus arm is often referred to as one of the most flexible limbs in nature, yet this assumption requires detailed inspection given that this has not been measured comprehensively for all portions of each arm.
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